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Spiritual transformation has a variety of overlapping meanings that carry distinct connotations: * In psychology, spiritual transformation is understood within the context of an individual's ''meaning system'',〔 Israela Silberman (2005). (Religion as a meaning system: Implications for the new millennium ). ''Journal of Social Issues'', v61 n4, pp641-663. 〕 especially in relation to concepts of the sacred or ultimate concern.〔Robert A. Emmons (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford.〕 Two of the fuller treatments of the concept in psychology come from Kenneth Pargament and from Raymond Paloutzian: * * Pargament says that "at its heart, spiritual transformation refers to a fundamental change in the place of the sacred or the character of the sacred in the life of the individual. Spiritual transformation can be understood in terms of new configurations of strivings" (p. 18).〔Kenneth I. Pargament. (2006). The meaning of spiritual transformation. In Joan D. Koss-Chioino & Philip Hefner (Eds.), ''(Spiritual transformation and healing: Anthropological, theological, neuroscientific, and clinical perspectives )'' (pp. 10-39), Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0867-6 〕 * * Paloutzian says that "spiritual transformation constitutes a change in the meaning system that a person holds as a basis for self-definition, the interpretation of life, and overarching purposes and ultimate concerns" (p. 334).〔 Raymond F. Paloutzian. (2005). Religious conversion and spiritual transformation: A meaning-system analysis. In Raymond F. Paloutzian & Crystal L. Park (Eds.), ''(Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality )'' (pp. 331-347), New York: Guilford. ISBN 1-57230-922-9 〕 * In New Age spirituality, spiritual transformation consists of the act of transforming the deepest aspects of the human spirit via a self-induced or "divine" act. ==Research== The Metanexus Institute in New York has sponsored scientific research on spiritual transformation.〔 Solomon Katz (2008). (A brief history of the Spiritual Transformation Scientific Research Program ) ''The global spiral''. Metanexus Institute, Accessed 9 Nov., 2009. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spiritual transformation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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